Distribución de Aedes albopictus en Ibagué: potencial riesgo de brotes de arbovirosis

Introducción. Aedes albopictus es un vector de arbovirus como dengue, Zika, chikungunya y fiebre amarilla. Los primeros reportes en el continente americano datan de 1985 y dada su capacidad de adaptación ecológica y fisiológica, se ha distribuido rápidamente en el territorio colombiano desde su primer reporte en 1998. Objetivo. Determinar la distribución de A. albopictus en las comunas de Ibagué, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Los muestreos se realizaron entre mayo y noviembre de 2022 en zonas con abundante vegetación de las 13 comunas de Ibagué. Se emplearon aspiradores y redes entomológicas. Los mosquitos fueron transportados al Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical de la Universidad del Tolima para su determinación taxonómica. Resultados. Se identificaron 708 ejemplares de A. albopictus, distribuidos en las comunas de Ibagué. La mayor abundancia del vector se presentó en las comunas 10, 11, 7, 8, 2 y 9. Las comunas 3, 4, 5, 6, 12 y 13 presentaron abundancias relativas cercanas al 3 %, y la comuna 1 tuvo una abundancia del 2 %. Conclusiones. Aedes albopictus está distribuido en todas las comunas de Ibagué, probablemente su dispersión se ha visto favorecida por las condiciones ambientales y sociales de esta región. Se recomienda hacer seguimiento anual a las poblaciones de este vector y realizar una caracterización molecular de los arbovirus encontrados. Además, el conocer la distribución de este mosquito en la ciudad permitirá focalizar las estrategias de control entomológico y prevenir futuros brotes de arbovirosis.

Introduction. Aedes albopictus is a vector for arboviruses, such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. The first A. albopictus reports on the American continent date back to 1985. It has spread rapidly throughout Colombia since its first report in 1998 due to its ecological and physiological adaptation capability. Objective. To determine A. albopictus distribution in the 13 communes of Ibagué, Colombia. Materials and methods. Samples were collected between May and November 2022 in the 13 communes of Ibagué. Vacuum sampling and sweep-netting entomological nets were used in areas with abundant vegetation. The mosquitoes were transported to the Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical at the Universidad del Tolima for taxonomic determination. Results. We identified 708 A. albopictus specimens distributed throughout Ibague's 13 communes. The highest vector abundance occurred in communes 10, 11, 7, 8, 2, and 9; communes 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, and 13 had a relative abundance of around 3%, while commune 1 had 2% of relative abundance. Conclusions. Aedes albopictus is distributed throughout all the communes of Ibague. Its dispersion has probably been favored by this region's environmental and social conditions. We recommend annual monitoring of these vectors populations and molecular characterization of the found arboviruses. Ascertaining this mosquito's distribution throughout the city will enable focusing entomological control strategies and preventing future arbovirus outbreaks.

O potencial da mediação de conflitos para o controle dos vetores das arboviroses nas favelas brasileiras / The conflict mediation potential to control arboviruses vectors in Brazilian slums

RESUMO Este ensaio parte da premissa de que a melhor estratégia para controlar os mosquitos vetores das arboviroses, e alcançar efetivos resultados profiláticos no complexo ambiente urbano das favelas brasileiras, é promover rotineiras ações de manejo ambiental inseridas em uma orientação integrada e interdisciplinar. Essa premissa se sustenta na complexa realidade social e urbana das favelas, no histórico de insucessos das ações de controle dos vetores em obter eficazes resultados profiláticos e nos exemplos bem-sucedidos de manejo ambiental no País. O método profilático alternativo utilizado no Brasil com base na liberação de mosquitos, em particular infectados com Wolbachia é comentado, mas ainda não possui resultado profilático nas favelas brasileiras. A partir dessa premissa, argumentamos que existe um grande potencial de utilizar habilidades na mediação de conflitos para buscar efetivas e factíveis ações de manejo ambiental na eliminação dos criadouros urbanos dos vetores das arboviroses nas favelas onde residem muitas comunidades socialmente vulneráveis.

ABSTRACT This essay starts from the premise that the best strategy to control mosquito vectors of arboviruses and achieve effective prophylactic results in the complex urban environment of Brazilian slums is to promote routine environmental management actions within an integrated and interdisciplinary approach. This premise is based on the complex social and urban reality of the slums, on the history of failures of vector control actions to obtain effective prophylactic results, and on the successful examples of environmental management in the country. The alternative prophylactic method used in Brazil based on the release of mosquitoes, in particular, infected with Wolbachia, is commented on, but still lacks prophylactic results in Brazilian slums. From this premise, we argue that there is great potential for using conflict mediation skills to pursue effective and feasible environmental management actions to eliminate urban breeding sites for arboviruses vectors in the slums where many socially vulnerable communities reside.

Evaluación de la eficacia biológica y de la sensibilidad de Aedes aegypti a los insecticidas piretroides deltametrina y ciflutrina durante el brote del virus Zika en Kuna Yala, Panamá / Evaluation of the biological efficacy and susceptibility in Aedes aegypti to the pyrethroid insecticides deltamethrin and cyfluthrin during the Zika virus outbreak in Kuna Yala, Panama

Introducción. El desarrollo de la resistencia a insecticidas de Aedes aegypti representa una gran amenaza para la salud pública. La vigilancia y el monitoreo de la eficacia biológica a los insecticidas y la sensibilidad de las poblaciones de Aedes aegypti es de fundamental importancia para prolongar la vida útil de estas moléculas. Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia biológica de los insecticidas deltametrina y ciflutrina y la sensibilidad de poblaciones de Aedes aegypti a estos insecticidas durante el brote epidémico de virus del Zika en Kuna Yala, Panamá. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó la eficacia biológica de la deltametrina y la ciflutrina, y la sensibilidad a estos insecticidas de poblaciones de la cepa Aedes aegypti Ustupo, mediante bioensayos estandarizados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud durante el brote epidémico de virus del Zika en Kuna Yala, Panamá. Resultados. En los bioensayos con Aedes aegypti Ustupo se observó posible resistencia a deltametrina y a ciflutrina con un porcentaje de mortalidad del 95,3 y 94 %, respectivamente. Se registró baja eficacia biológica con la cepa Aedes aegypti Ustupo para la deltametrina y la ciflutrina, con medias de porcentajes de mortalidad de 75 y 31,1 %, en el intradomicilio, mientras que en el peridomicilio fue de 63,7 y 26,1 %, respectivamente. Conclusión. Los resultados de este estudio representan un desafío que debe enfrentar el Programa Nacional de Control de Aedes para lograr cuidar y mantener el efecto tóxico de los insecticidas aplicados contra las poblaciones de Aedes. Es necesario que el Programa Nacional de Control de Aedes establezca unos lineamientos de manejo de la resistencia para caracterizarla y evaluar la distribución geográfica de las poblaciones afectadas. Lo anterior con el propósito de garantizar la sostenibilidad de las intervenciones antivectoriales contra las poblaciones de Aedes.

Introduction. The development of resistance to insecticides in Aedes aegypti represents a major threat to public health. Surveillance and monitoring of the biological efficacy and sensibility of Aedes aegypti populations to insecticides is fundamental to prolong the useful life of insecticide molecules. Objective. To evaluate the biological efficacy of deltamethrin and cyfluthrin and sensibility to insecticides in Aedes aegypti during the zika epidemic outbreak in Kuna Yala, Panama. Materials and methods. We assessed the biological efficacy of deltamethrin and cyfluthrin, and sensibility in the strain Aedes aegypti Ustupo using bioassays standardized by the World Health Organization during the Zika epidemic outbreak in Kuna Yala, Panama. Results. In the bioassays with Aedes aegypti Ustupo, we observed a possible resistance to deltamethrin and cyfluthrin with a mortality rate of 95,3 and 94%, respectively. The obtained results registered low biological efficacy of deltamethrin and cyfluthrin with average percentages of mortality of 75 and 31.1% in the intradomicile, and 63,7 and 26.1% in the peridomicile. Conclusion. The results of this study represent a challenge for the National Aedes Control Program to care for and maintain the toxic effect of insecticides applied against Aedes populations. There is a need for the National Aedes Control Program to establish some guidelines about resistance assessment and resistant populations' geographic distribution to guarantee the sustainability of anti-vector interventions against Aedes populations.

Caracterización de los focos de mosquitos Aedes aegypti en el municipio de Abreus. 2016-2022

Fundamento el conocimiento acerca de la focalidad por mosquitos motiva a pobladores y decisores a trabajar sobre las cuestiones que inciden en la proliferación de estos vectores; así como a una participación comunitaria eficaz, y el éxito en la prevención y control de las arbovirosis. Objetivo caracterizar los focos de mosquitos Aedes aegypti. Métodos se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, y de corte transversal, acerca de los focos de Aedes aegypti detectados en el municipio de Abreus, provincia de Cienfuegos, en el período 2016-2022. El universo fue de 390 focos, para los cuales se describieron las variables: semana estadística, mes y año de diagnóstico, consejo popular, tipo de depósito, lugar de la vivienda donde se encontró y fase del mosquito al diagnóstico. Se utilizaron datos de las encuestas entomológicas y los registros del laboratorio de Entomología Médica de la Unidad Municipal de Higiene y Epidemiología. Resultados la mediana del número de focos de Aedes aegypti correspondió a la semana estadística 32 de cada año. La mayor cantidad de focos se detectó en los consejos populares de Abreus (165) y Juraguá (102); hallados sobre todo en patios (85,5 %) y tanques bajos (55,5 %). Predominó la fase larvaria en IV estadio (82,3 %). Conclusiones en el municipio de Abreus la focalidad por mosquitos Aedes aegypti se caracterizó por su mayor incidencia en los meses de junio a septiembre, con predominio en el consejo popular de Abreus, sobre todo en tanques bajos y patios. El mayor número fue diagnosticado en la IV fase.

Background knowledge about the mosquito's breeding grounds motivates residents and decision makers to work on the issues that affect the mosquito proliferation; as well as effective community participation, and success in the prevention and control of arboviral diseases. Objective to characterize the Aedes aegypti mosquito's breeding grounds. Methods an observational, retrospective, and cross-sectional study was carried out on Aedes aegypti's breeding grounds detected in the Abreus municipality, Cienfuegos province, from 2016 to 2022. 390 breeding grounds were the universe, for which the described variables were: statistical week, month and year of diagnosis, neighborhood, type of deposit, place of residence where it was found, and phase of the mosquito at diagnosis. Data from entomological surveys and records from the Municipal Hygiene and Epidemiology Unit's Medical Entomology laboratory were used. Results the median number of Aedes aegypti breeding grounds corresponded to statistical week 32 of each year. The largest number of outbreaks was detected in the Abreus' neighborhood (165) and Juraguá (102); found mainly in yards (85.5 %) and low tanks (55.5 %). The larval phase in IV stage predominated (82.3 %). Conclusions in the municipality of Abreus, the focality of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes was characterized by its highest incidence in the months of June to September, with predominance in the popular council of Abreus, especially in low tanks and yards. The largest number was diagnosed in the IV phase.

Identification of locally isolated entomopathogenic Fusarium species from the soil of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan and evaluation of their larvicidal efficacy against Aedes aegypti / Identificação de espécies de Fusarium entomopatogênicas localmente isoladas do solo da Floresta de Changa Manga, Paquistão e avaliação de sua eficácia larvicida contra Aedes aegypti

Abstract Dengue fever vectored by the mosquito Aedes aegypti is one of the most rapidly spreading insect-borne diseases. Current reliance of dengue vector control is mostly on chemical insecticides. Growing insecticide resistance in the primary mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, limits the effectiveness of vector control through chemical insecticides. These chemical insecticides also have negative environmental impacts on animals, plants and human health. Myco-biocontrol agents are naturally occurring organisms and are found to be less damaging to the environment as compared to chemical insecticides. In the present study, entomopathogenic potential of local strains of fungi isolated from soil was assessed for the control of dengue vector. Local fungal isolates presents better alternative to introducing a foreign biocontrol strain, as they may be better adapted to environmental conditions of the area to survive and may have more entomopathogenic efficacy against target organism. Larvicidal efficacy of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium proliferatum was evaluated against Aedes aegypti. Local strains of F. equiseti (MK371718) and F. proliferatum (MK371715) were isolated from the soil of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan by using insect bait method. Larvicidal activity of two Fusarium spp. was tested against forth instar larvae of A. aegypti in the laboratory, using concentrations 105, 106, 107 and 108 conidia /ml. LC50 values for F. equiseti after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h of exposure were recorded as 3.8x 108, 2.9x107, 2.0x107, and 7.1x106 conidia /ml respectively while LC50 values for F. proliferatum were recorded as 1.21x108, 9.6x107, 4.2x107, 2.6x107 conidia /ml respectively after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h of exposure. The results indicate that among two fungal strains F. equiseti was found to be more effective in terms of its larvicidal activity than F. proliferatum against larvae of A. aegypti.

Resumo A dengue transmitida pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti é uma das doenças transmitidas por insetos de propagação mais rápida. A dependência atual do controle do vetor da dengue é principalmente de inseticidas químicos. O aumento da resistência a inseticidas no principal vetor do mosquito, Aedes aegypti, limita a eficácia do controle do vetor por meio de inseticidas químicos. Esses inseticidas químicos também têm impactos ambientais negativos sobre os animais, plantas e saúde humana. Os agentes de micobiocontrole são organismos que ocorrem naturalmente e são menos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente em comparação com os inseticidas químicos. No presente estudo, avaliou-se o potencial entomopatogênico de cepas locais de fungos isolados do solo para o controle do vetor da dengue. Isolados de fungos locais apresentam melhor alternativa para a introdução de uma cepa de biocontrole estrangeira, pois podem ser mais bem adaptados às condições ambientais da área para sobreviver e podem ter maior eficácia entomopatogênica contra o organismo-alvo. A eficácia larvicida de Fusarium equiseti e Fusarium proliferatum foi avaliada contra Aedes aegypti. Cepas locais de F. equiseti (MK371718) e F. proliferatum (MK371715) foram isoladas do solo de Changa Manga Forest, Paquistão, usando o método de isca para insetos. Atividade larvicida de dois Fusarium spp. foi testado contra larvas de quarto ínstar de A. aegypti em laboratório, nas concentrações 105, 106, 107 e 108 conídios / ml. Os valores de LC50 para F. equiseti após 24 h, 48 h, 72 h e 96 h de exposição foram registrados como 3,8x 108, 2,9x107, 2,0x107 e 7,1x106 conídios / ml, respectivamente, enquanto os valores de LC50 para F. proliferatum foram registrados como 1,21x108, 9,6 x107, 4,2x107, 2,6x107 conídios / ml, respectivamente, após 24 h, 48 h, 72 h e 96 h de exposição. Os resultados indicam que entre duas cepas de fungos F. equiseti se mostrou mais eficaz em termos de atividade larvicida do que F. proliferatum contra larvas de A. aegypti.

Genetic diversity and Kdr mutations of natural Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations of Brazil

ABSTRACT Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti is an important vector of dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika virus. It is well known that resistance monitoring and genetic diversity data help designing the vector control programs. This study aimed to evaluate resistance to pyrethroids (PYs) through the frequency of kdr mutations Val1016IIe and F1534C, and the genetic variation of the mitochondrial gene ND4 in six natural populations of A. aegypti from Paraná - Brazil. Adults were obtained from eggs collected from Alvorada do Sul, Marilena, Maringá, Nova Londrina, Paranavaí and São Carlos do Ivaí. From these adults, 345 were used to identify the 1016 and 1534 sites, and 120 were used to perform the ND4 gene analysis. The studied populations from Paraná showed PYs resistance, low gene flow and genetic diversity. Additionally, a relationship was observed among the haplotypes of populations from the Amazon and Southeastern Brazil, Peru, Mexico, and North America.

Vigilancia de Aedes aegypti y el dengue en tiempo de COVID-19

Introducción: Los programas de vigilancia entomológica de Aedes aegypti en el mundo tienen entre sus objetivos determinar cambios en la distribución geográfica del mosquito y obtener medidas relativas de sus poblaciones a través del tiempo. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto provocado por las medidas de intervención de la COVID-19 en los programas de vigilancia y control de Aedes aegypti. Métodos: Se examinaron artículos originales y de revisión publicados en inglés y en español sobre el tema entre 2010 y 2022. Análisis y síntesis de la información: Los indicadores entomológicos que brinda la vigilancia se afectaron por la pandemia de COVID-19 debido a interrupciones en la ejecución de las actividades antivectoriales en el terreno, como las visitas a las viviendas, la aplicación de tipos de control, la reducción en el número de recursos humanos, la limitación de la participación de la comunidad o la negación, en algunos casos, por parte de población a la entrada del operario en sus viviendas. Se presenta un análisis del impacto de las medidas implementadas contra la COVID-19 que favorecieron el aumento de los casos de dengue. Conclusiones: En el escenario actual la atención debe centrarse en garantizar que la lucha contra el Aedes aegypti y el dengue continúen considerándose servicios esenciales, y que se mantengan las acciones previstas, aunque sea necesario aplicar medidas híbridas entre las actividades vectoriales y las relacionadas con el control de la COVID-19, adaptadas o descentralizadas según corresponda a cada contexto.

Introduction: The entomological surveillance programs of Aedes aegypti in the world have among their objectives to determine changes in the geographical distribution of the mosquito and to obtain relative measurements of their populations over time. Objective: To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 intervention measures on Aedes aegypti surveillance and control programs. Methods: Original and review articles published in English and Spanish on the topic between 2010 and 2022 were examined. Analysis and synthesis of information: The entomological indicators provided by surveillance were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to interruptions in the implementation of vector control activities in the field, such as visits to homes, application of control types, reduction in the number of human resources, limitation or denial of community participation, in some cases, by the population at the entrance of the operator in their homes. An analysis of the impact of the measures implemented against COVID-19 that favored the increase in dengue cases is presented. Conclusions: In the current scenario, the focus should be on ensuring that the fight against Aedes aegypti and dengue continues to be considered essential services, and that the planned actions are maintained, although it is necessary to apply hybrid measures between vector activities and those related to the control of COVID-19, adapting or decentralizing them as appropriate to each context.

Conhecimentos sobre a doença de Chagas entre escolares de dois municípios de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Knowledge about Chagas disease among schoolchildren from two municipalities of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Resumo Introdução: No Brasil, a vigilância entomológica da doença de Chagas (DCh) é respaldada na participação comunitária, que notifica a presença dos vetores nas habitações. Assim, a sustentabilidade desta medida de controle depende do conhecimento da população sobre os vetores. Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento de escolares sobre a doença de Chagas nos municípios mineiros de Itatiaiuçu (vigilância ativa) e Sabará (vigilância inativa). Método: Questionário semiestruturado foi aplicado para alunos matriculados no ensino médio em duas escolas de Sabará (rural e urbana) e uma em Itatiaiuçu (urbana). Resultados: Em geral, os alunos residentes em Sabará demonstraram conhecimento limitado acerca dos vetores, patógeno, transmissão e doença (sem diferenças relevantes quanto à localização entre área urbana e rural), quando comparados aos residentes em Itatiaiuçu, que apesar de ter uma vigilância mais atuante, também não apresentaram conhecimento totalmente satisfatório. Conclusões: Os resultados enfatizam a carência de informações sobre a DCh tanto em relação ao conhecimento acadêmico quanto às campanhas de educação firmadas pelo programa. Ações educativas para sensibilizar a comunidade e promover o conhecimento sobre esta doença mostram-se necessárias e fundamentais para a manutenção da vigilância ao longo do tempo e espaço.

Abstract Background: In Brazil, entomological surveillance of Chagas disease (ChD) is based on community participation, which notifies the presence of vectors inside their homes. Thus, the sustainability of this control measure depends on the knowledge of the population about the vectors. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge of schoolchildren about ChD in the municipalities of Itatiaiuçu (active surveillance) and Sabará (inactive surveillance). Method: A semi-structured questionnaire was given to students enrolled in two high schools in Sabará (rural and urban) and one in Itatiaiuçu (urban). Results: In general, students living in Sabará demonstrated only limited knowledge about vectors, pathogens, transmission, and disease (with no significant differences between the schools in urban and rural areas). Similarly, the schoolchildren in Itatiaiuçu, despite living in an area of active surveillance, also did not have a fully satisfactory knowledge of ChD. Conclusions: The results emphasize the lack of information about ChD, both in relation to academic knowledge and the education campaigns established by the program. Improvements in educational interventions to raise community awareness and promote knowledge about ChD are necessary and vital for maintaining vigilance against ChD over space and time.

Identification of locally isolated entomopathogenic Fusarium species from the soil of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan and evaluation of their larvicidal efficacy against Aedes aegypti / Identificação de espécies de Fusarium entomopatogênicas localmente isoladas do solo da Floresta de Changa Manga, Paquistão e avaliação de sua eficácia larvicida contra Aedes aegypti

Dengue fever vectored by the mosquito Aedes aegypti is one of the most rapidly spreading insect-borne diseases. Current reliance of dengue vector control is mostly on chemical insecticides. Growing insecticide resistance in the primary mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, limits the effectiveness of vector control through chemical insecticides. These chemical insecticides also have negative environmental impacts on animals, plants and human health. Myco-biocontrol agents are naturally occurring organisms and are found to be less damaging to the environment as compared to chemical insecticides. In the present study, entomopathogenic potential of local strains of fungi isolated from soil was assessed for the control of dengue vector. Local fungal isolates presents better alternative to introducing a foreign biocontrol strain, as they may be better adapted to environmental conditions of the area to survive and may have more entomopathogenic efficacy against target organism. Larvicidal efficacy of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium proliferatum was evaluated against Aedes aegypti. Local strains of F. equiseti (MK371718) and F. proliferatum (MK371715) were isolated from the soil of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan by using insect bait method. Larvicidal activity of two Fusarium spp. was tested against forth instar larvae of A. aegypti in the laboratory, using concentrations 105, 106, 107 and 108 conidia /ml. LC50 values for F. equiseti after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h of exposure were recorded as 3.8x108, 2.9x107, 2.0x107, and 7.1x106 conidia /ml respectively while LC50 values for F. proliferatum were recorded as 1.21x108, 9.6x107, 4.2x107, 2.6x107 conidia /ml respectively after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h of exposure. The results indicate that among two fungal strains F. equiseti was found to be more effective in terms of its larvicidal activity than F. proliferatum against larvae of A. aegypti.

A dengue transmitida pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti é uma das doenças transmitidas por insetos de propagação mais rápida. A dependência atual do controle do vetor da dengue é principalmente de inseticidas químicos. O aumento da resistência a inseticidas no principal vetor do mosquito, Aedes aegypti, limita a eficácia do controle do vetor por meio de inseticidas químicos. Esses inseticidas químicos também têm impactos ambientais negativos sobre os animais, plantas e saúde humana. Os agentes de micobiocontrole são organismos que ocorrem naturalmente e são menos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente em comparação com os inseticidas químicos. No presente estudo, avaliou se o potencial entomopatogênico de cepas locais de fungos isolados do solo para o controle do vetor da dengue. Isolados de fungos locais apresentam melhor alternativa para a introdução de uma cepa de biocontrole estrangeira, pois podem ser mais bem adaptados às condições ambientais da área para sobreviver e podem ter maior eficácia entomopatogênica contra o organismo-alvo. A eficácia larvicida de Fusarium equiseti e Fusarium proliferatum foi avaliada contra Aedes aegypti. Cepas locais de F. equiseti (MK371718) e F. proliferatum (MK371715) foram isoladas do solo de Changa Manga Forest, Paquistão, usando o método de isca para insetos. Atividade larvicida de dois Fusarium spp. foi testado contra larvas de quarto ínstar de A. aegypti em laboratório, nas concentrações 105, 106, 107 e 108 conídios / ml. Os valores de LC50 para F. equiseti após 24 h, 48 h, 72 h e 96 h de exposição foram registrados como 3,8x 108, 2,9x107, 2,0x107 e 7,1x106 conídios / ml, respectivamente, enquanto os valores de LC50 para F. proliferatum foram registrados como 1,21x108, 9,6 x107, 4,2x107, 2,6x107 conídios / ml, respectivamente, após 24 h, 48 h, 72 h e 96 h de exposição. Os resultados indicam que entre duas cepas de fungos F. equiseti se mostrou mais eficaz em termos de atividade [...].

Identification of locally isolated entomopathogenic Fusarium species from the soil of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan and evaluation of their larvicidal efficacy against Aedes aegypti

Abstract Dengue fever vectored by the mosquito Aedes aegypti is one of the most rapidly spreading insect-borne diseases. Current reliance of dengue vector control is mostly on chemical insecticides. Growing insecticide resistance in the primary mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, limits the effectiveness of vector control through chemical insecticides. These chemical insecticides also have negative environmental impacts on animals, plants and human health. Myco-biocontrol agents are naturally occurring organisms and are found to be less damaging to the environment as compared to chemical insecticides. In the present study, entomopathogenic potential of local strains of fungi isolated from soil was assessed for the control of dengue vector. Local fungal isolates presents better alternative to introducing a foreign biocontrol strain, as they may be better adapted to environmental conditions of the area to survive and may have more entomopathogenic efficacy against target organism. Larvicidal efficacy of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium proliferatum was evaluated against Aedes aegypti. Local strains of F. equiseti (MK371718) and F. proliferatum (MK371715) were isolated from the soil of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan by using insect bait method. Larvicidal activity of two Fusarium spp. was tested against forth instar larvae of A. aegypti in the laboratory, using concentrations 105, 106, 107 and 108 conidia /ml. LC50 values for F. equiseti after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h of exposure were recorded as 3.8x 108, 2.9x107, 2.0x107, and 7.1x106 conidia /ml respectively while LC50 values for F. proliferatum were recorded as 1.21x108, 9.6x107, 4.2x107, 2.6x107 conidia /ml respectively after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h of exposure. The results indicate that among two fungal strains F. equiseti was found to be more effective in terms of its larvicidal activity than F. proliferatum against larvae of A. aegypti.

Resumo A dengue transmitida pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti é uma das doenças transmitidas por insetos de propagação mais rápida. A dependência atual do controle do vetor da dengue é principalmente de inseticidas químicos. O aumento da resistência a inseticidas no principal vetor do mosquito, Aedes aegypti, limita a eficácia do controle do vetor por meio de inseticidas químicos. Esses inseticidas químicos também têm impactos ambientais negativos sobre os animais, plantas e saúde humana. Os agentes de micobiocontrole são organismos que ocorrem naturalmente e são menos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente em comparação com os inseticidas químicos. No presente estudo, avaliou-se o potencial entomopatogênico de cepas locais de fungos isolados do solo para o controle do vetor da dengue. Isolados de fungos locais apresentam melhor alternativa para a introdução de uma cepa de biocontrole estrangeira, pois podem ser mais bem adaptados às condições ambientais da área para sobreviver e podem ter maior eficácia entomopatogênica contra o organismo-alvo. A eficácia larvicida de Fusarium equiseti e Fusarium proliferatum foi avaliada contra Aedes aegypti. Cepas locais de F. equiseti (MK371718) e F. proliferatum (MK371715) foram isoladas do solo de Changa Manga Forest, Paquistão, usando o método de isca para insetos. Atividade larvicida de dois Fusarium spp. foi testado contra larvas de quarto ínstar de A. aegypti em laboratório, nas concentrações 105, 106, 107 e 108 conídios / ml. Os valores de LC50 para F. equiseti após 24 h, 48 h, 72 h e 96 h de exposição foram registrados como 3,8x 108, 2,9x107, 2,0x107 e 7,1x106 conídios / ml, respectivamente, enquanto os valores de LC50 para F. proliferatum foram registrados como 1,21x108, 9,6 x107, 4,2x107, 2,6x107 conídios / ml, respectivamente, após 24 h, 48 h, 72 h e 96 h de exposição. Os resultados indicam que entre duas cepas de fungos F. equiseti se mostrou mais eficaz em termos de atividade larvicida do que F. proliferatum contra larvas de A. aegypti.

A note on the insecticide susceptibility status of secondary malaria vector An. annularis in Jharkhand state of India

Background & objectives: An. annularis van der Wulp (1884) is the secondary malaria vector of importance in India. In Jharkhand state it is present in almost all the districts abundantly and transmits malaria. The development of resistance to Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in An. annularis was reported from various parts of India. The main objective of this study was to generate information on insecticide susceptibility status of An. annularis to DDT, malathion, deltamethrin and permethrin in different districts of Jharkhand state. Methods: Adult An. annularis female mosquitoes were collected form villages of six tribal districts Simdega (Kurdeg and Simdega CHC), Khunti (Murhu and Khunti CHCs), Gumla (Bharno and Gumla CHCs), West Singhbhum (Chaibasa and Bada Jamda CHCs), Godda (Poraiyahat and Sunderpahari (CHCs) and Sahibganj (Borio and Rajmahal CHCs). Insecticide susceptibility status was determined by using WHO tube test method against prescribed discriminatory dosages of insecticides, DDT - 4.0%, malathion - 5.0%, deltamethrin - 0.05% and permethrin - 0.75%. Results: An. annularis was reported resistant to DDT in six districts, possible resistant to malathion in districts Gumla, Khuntiand Sahibganj and susceptible to deltamehrin (98% to100% mortality) and permethrin (100% mortality). Interpretation & conclusion: An. annularis, the secondary vector species is associated with the transmission of malaria reported resistant to DDT and susceptible to pyrerthroids deltamethrin and permethrin. In view of large-scale distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in all the districts, the response to synthetic pyrethroid needs to be periodically monitored to assess the effectiveness.

Insecticide susceptibility status of malaria vectors in Himachal Pradesh, India

Background & objectives: The state of Himachal Pradesh is one of the hilly forested states of India. Warming of climate has been evidenced in the state due to the ongoing climate change which may cause the upsurge/introduction of mosquito-borne diseases. To curb disease transmission, an effective vector control strategy will be required. Methods: Insecticide susceptibility status of available malaria vectors was determined using the standard WHO method in six districts Kangra, Una, Mandi, Bilaspur, Solan and Mandi of the state. An. culicifacies and An. fluviatilis were tested against DDT (4%), malathion (5%) and deltamethrin (0.05%) using WHO insecticide susceptibility kits. Results: Overall, An. culicifacies was found resistant to DDT in all the six districts, susceptible to malathion in all districts except Bilaspur and Solan where it showed possible resistance. It was susceptible to deltamethrin in all the study districts. An. fluviatilis was resistant to DDT and susceptible to malathion and deltamethrin in Kangra and Una districts. Interpretation & conclusion: At present, indoor residual spraying (IRS) is not being undertaken in Himachal Pradesh. However, with the information generated through the present study, the state government can plan evidence-based IRS at least for focal spray in limited foci reporting malaria incidence.

La formación del operario en vigilancia y lucha antivectorial. Matanzas, 2019

RESUMEN Introducción: para la formación de operarios integrales en vigilancia y lucha antivectorial, está diseñado un curso de habilitación. El claustro de profesores de la provincia de Matanzas ha encontrado algunas dificultades en la adquisición de conocimientos por parte de los estudiantes. Objetivo: caracterizar la fuerza laboral de vigilancia y lucha antivectorial de la provincia de Matanzas, para diseñar un conjunto de indicaciones que complementen los contenidos del curso de habilitación de operarios, de forma que los estudiantes se sientan motivados y entiendan mejor los contenidos ya incluidos. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva, retrospectiva y longitudinal, de enero a diciembre de 2019. Resultados: el grupo de trabajadores de los operarios es el más numeroso. El nivel educacional que predominó fue el de secundaria básica. En 2019 se realizaron 17 cursos de formación, en cuyas evaluaciones el claustro de profesores encontró dificultades en las respuestas a las preguntas de tres de los temas del curso, al igual que en el uso de la lengua materna. Conclusiones: se propuso introducir contenidos en cada tema del curso de formación, que se impartirán de acuerdo a las formas de enseñanza y aprendizaje ya definidas en el programa. El profesor responsable del tema lo dará en el momento en que la situación docente lo requiera, para que el futuro trabajador logre una mejor comprensión de los contenidos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: there is an enabling course designed for the training of comprehensive operators in surveillance and vector control. The teacher staff of Matanzas province has found some difficulties in the acquisition of knowledge by students. Objective: to characterize the surveillance and anti-vector labor force of the province of Matanzas, in order to design a set of indications that complement the contents of the course of enabling operators, so that students feel motivated and better understand the contents already included. Materials and methods: a descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal investigation was carried out from January to December 2019. Results: the group of operators is the most numerous. The educational level that prevailed was that of secondary school. In 2019, 17 training courses were conducted, in whose evaluations the teacher staff found difficulties in answering the questions of three of the course subjects, as well as in the use of the mother tongue. Conclusions: it was proposed to introduce new contents in each topic of the training course, which will be taught according to the forms of teaching and learning already defined in the programme. The teacher responsible for the subject will teach it at the moment when the teaching situation requires it, in order for the future worker to achieve a better understanding of the contents.

Smoke of Capsicum baccatum L. var. baccatum (Solanaceae) repels nymphs of triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) / Humo de capsicum baccatum L. var. baccatum (Solanaceae) repele las ninfas de Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Control of the Chagas disease vector, Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) with synthetic pesticides in Bolivia has become increasingly inefficient due to the development of resistance in the insects. In the Chaco region of Bolivia, guaraní populations have approached the problem by fumigating their houses with the smoke of native plants. Through interviews and field work with local guides, the main plant used by the guaraníes was collected and later identified as Capsicum baccatumL. var. baccatum (Solanaceae). In choice bioassays, filter papers exposed to the smoke of the plant repelled nymphs of T. infestans. Activity remained significant after storing the exposed filter papers for 9 days. Chemical analysis of smoke and literature data suggested that capsaicinoids present in the smoke were responsible for the repellent effect. The data presented provide a rationale for the use of C. baccatumvar. baccatumto control the Chagas vector bythe guaraní populations.

El control del vector de la enfermedad de Chagas, Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) con plaguicidas sintéticos en Bolivia se ha vuelto cada vez más ineficiente debido al desarrollo de resistencias en los insectos. En la región del Chaco de Bolivia, las poblaciones guaraníes han abordado el problema fumigando sus casas con el humo de las plantas nativas. A través de entrevistas y trabajo de campo con guías locales, se recogió la principal planta utilizada por los guaraníes y posteriormente se identificó como Capsicum baccatumL. var. baccatum (Solanaceae). En bioensayos selectos, los papeles de filtro expuestos al humo de la planta repelieron a las ninfas de T. infestans. La actividad siguió siendo significativa después de almacenar los papeles de filtro expuestos durante 9 días. El análisis químico del humo y los datos de la literatura sugieren que los capsaicinoides presentes en el humo eran responsables del efecto repelente. Los datos presentados proporcionan una justificación para el uso de C. baccatum var. baccatum para el control del vector Chagas por las poblaciones guaraníes.

Ações educativas de enfrentamento ao Aedes Aegypti: revisão integrativa / Education-based Aedes Aegypti control actions: an integrative review

Resumo Objetivou sintetizar os estudos, publicados na literatura cientifica, que abordem estratégias de enfrentamento às arboviroses mediante ações educativas. Os dados foram coletados nas bases de dados: LILACS, BDENF e MEDLINE utilizando os descritores "Educação em Saúde" e "Aedes" empregando o operador booleano "AND". Foram encontrados 242 estudos, dos quais após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 14 foram incluídos na revisão. Os dados foram analisados utilizando a abordagem qualitativa. Foram identificadas quatro categorias: ações de enfrentamento vetorial mediante capacitação da comunidade; mobilização social em torno do combate às arboviroses; combate vetorial a partir de ações educativas associadas ao uso de controle biológico; ações integradas de enfrentamento às arboviroses. Infere-se que a educação em saúde é um elemento indispensável para o enfrentamento às arboviroses que deverá ser implementada de forma conjunta e articuladas às demais estratégia de combate vetorial.

Abstract The aim of this study was to provide a synthesis of published studies investigating education-based arbovirus control strategies. The data were collected from the LILACS, BDENF and MEDLINE databases using the descriptors "Health Education" and "Aedes", together with the Boolean operator "AND". The searches retrieved 242 studies, 14 of which were included in the review after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data were analyzed using a qualitative approach, resulting in the identification of four categories: vector control actions based on community capacity building; social mobilization for arbovirus control; education-based vector control combined with biological control; and integrated arbovirus control actions. The findings show that health education is an essential element of arbovirus control and should be implemented in conjunction with other vector control strategies.

Percepção da comunidade sobre suas ações preventivas contra dengue, zika e chikungunya nas cinco regiões do Brasil / Community perception of its preventive actions against dengue, zika and chikungunya in five Brazilian regions

Resumo O controle ambiental do vetor no interior e ao redor dos domicílios, enquanto estratégia fundamental para a prevenção de arboviroses como dengue, zika e chikungunya, demanda um envolvimento ininterrupto da população. A pandemia de Covid-19 e, consequentemente, o isolamento social necessário ao seu controle, têm reduzido a vigilância profissional nos domicílios, tornando a atuação da população ainda mais necessária. Estudos que buscam compreender o envolvimento das comunidades na execução das ações preventivas têm sido quase exclusivamente locais. O artigo relata uma pesquisa-intervenção baseada em oficinas sobre práticas preventivas realizadas antes do isolamento social, em 16 municípios das 5 regiões brasileiras, as quais envolveram um total de 379 participantes. Os resultados apresentam as ações preventivas preconizadas por campanhas que são as mais comumente compreendidas e executadas pela população; as situações que dificultam a execução; as práticas preventivas de iniciativa própria dos cidadãos; e as práticas baseadas em saberes populares. Ficou evidente que as informações fornecidas às comunidades não podem estar restritas às campanhas de massa, e que se faz necessário investir em ações educativas mais efetivas e adequadas à variedade de contextos nacionais, com vistas a construções coletivas e intersetoriais de estratégias de enfrentamento às arboviroses.

Abstract The environmental control of the vector inside and around households, as a fundamental strategy for the prevention of arboviruses such as dengue, zika and chikungunya, demands an uninterrupted involvement of the population. The pandemic context of Covid-19, and consequently the social isolation has reduced professional surveillance in the households, making the performance of the population even more necessary. Studies that seek to understand the involvement of communities in the implementation of preventive actions have been almost exclusively local. This article reports an intervention research based on workshops on preventive practices carried out before social isolation, in 16 municipalities in the five Brazilian regions and involved 379 participants. Our results show the preventive actions recommended by campaigns that are the most commonly understood and performed by the population; situations that hinder execution; preventive practices of citizens' own initiative; and practices based on popular knowledge. It became evident that information to communities cannot be restricted to mass campaigns, and that it is necessary to invest in educational actions adequate to the variety of national contexts, seeking collective and intersectoral constructions of strategies to confront arboviruses.

Avaliação do conhecimento sobre a doença de Chagas em escolares das zonas rural e urbana de municípios endêmicos em Minas Gerais / Assessment of knowledge about Chagas disease in schoolchildren in rural and urban areas of endemic municipalities in Minas Gerais state, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento de escolares do ensino médio de três escolas localizadas em municípios mineiros endêmicos para a doença de Chagas e extrair informações relativas à sua percepção em relação aos aspectos gerais, biológicos, clínicos e epidemiológicos da doença, do vetor e controle entomológico da doença de Chagas, além de comparar o conhecimento dos participantes em função da localização das escolas (zona rural ou urbana). Para isso, aplicou-se um questionário semiestruturado a 68 alunos. Todos os participantes já ouviram falar a respeito da doença de Chagas, afirmando ter adquirido esse conhecimento, sobretudo, com familiares e escola. Além disso, muitos participantes demonstraram conhecer os hábitos dos vetores, tais como hematofagia e fontes alimentares. Não houve associação clara entre o perfil de urbanização e o conhecimento dos participantes. No entanto, alunos da zona urbana apresentaram menos conhecimento prático a respeito dos triatomíneos e aspectos relativos à transmissão da doença, em relação aos alunos da zona mais "ruralizada". Sugere-se o aprofundamento do tema nos currículos escolares do ensino médio e a necessidade de elaboração de ações de educação em saúde voltadas à vigilância entomológica da doença de Chagas nesses municípios e, provavelmente, em outras regiões do Brasil.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of high school students from three schools located in endemic municipalities of Minas Gerais to Chagas disease and to extract information related to their perception regarding the general, biological, clinical and epidemiological aspects of the disease, vector and entomological control of Chagas disease, in addition to comparing the knowledge of participants according to the location of schools (rural or urban area). For this, a semi-structured questionnaire was applied to 68 students. All participants have heard about Chagas disease, stating that they have acquired this knowledge, especially with family members and school. In addition, many participants demonstrated to know the habits of vectors, such as hematophagy and dietary sources. There was no clear association between the urbanization profile and the participants' knowledge. However, students from the urban area presented less practical knowledge about triatoins and aspects related to the transmission of the disease, in relation to students in the most "ruralized" area. It is suggested the deepening of the theme in high school curricula and the need to develop health education actions aimed at entomological surveillance of Chagas disease in these municipalities and, probably, in other Brazilian regions.

Aula invertida en el desarrollo de competencias para el control domicilario de mosquitos de importancia para la salud pública / Flipped classroom in the development of skills for home control of mosquitoes of importance to public health

El método de enseñanza-aprendizaje de aula invertida propicia actividades participativas, de esfuerzo y colaboración antes, durante y fuera del salón de clases. Por tal razón, que se propuso la aplicación del aula invertida en el desarrollo de competencias para el control domicilario de mosquitos de importancia para la salud pública en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Chota, Camarja, Perú. El estudio fue experimental con una muestra de 72 estudiantes. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó la estrategia didáctica del Modelo Flipped Classroom en dos tiempos (pre y post test). Se usó el software SPSS para medianas y prueba de Wilcoxon considerando un alpha del 5%. Como resultado, en el post-test sobre los factores de riesgo identificados en el domicilio se evidenciaron cambios significativos, donde 72,22% identificaron los recipientes de almacenamiento de agua expuestos, 51,39% Frascos/botellas/envases con agua estancada, 45,83% piletas sin liempieza, 29,17% Llantas/desechos al aire libre con agua estancada, 26,39% Floreros con agua vieja, 20,83% analetas/grietas con agua estancada, 12,50% otros y 8,33% no identifico ningún factor, la comparación de la puntuación promedio en competencias para el control domicilario de mosquitos, antes y después de la aplicación del aula invertida en la Prueba de Wilcoxon mostró una z de -4,81 en la dimesión de identificar, -4,860 proponer y -4862 actuar, todos con p 0,000% (diferencia altamente significativa). El método de aula invertida a través de métodos prácticos interactivos contribuye de manera significativa al desarrollo de competencias para el control domicilario de mosquitos de importancia de salud pública(AU)

The flipped classroom teaching-learning method encourages participatory, effortful, and collaborative activities before, during, and outside the classroom. For this reason, the application of the flipped classroom was proposed in the development of skills for the home control of mosquitoes of importance for public health at the National Autonomous University of Chota, Camarja, Peru. The study was experimental with a sample of 72 students. For data collection, the didactic strategy of the Flipped Classroom Model was applied in two stages (pre and post test). The SPSS software was used for medians and the Wilcoxon test considering an alpha of 5%. As a result, in the post-test on the risk factors identified at home, significant changes were evidenced, where 72.22% identified exposed water storage containers, 51.39% Jars/bottles/containers with stagnant water, 45 83% pools without cleaning, 29.17% tires/outdoor debris with stagnant water, 26.39% vases with old water, 20.83% holes/cracks with stagnant water, 12.50% others and 8.33 % did not identify any factor, the comparison of the average score in skills for home control of mosquitoes, before and after the application of the flipped classroom in the Wilcoxon Test showed a z of -4.81 in the dimension of identifying, - 4,860 propose and -4,862 act, all with p 0.000% (highly significant difference). The flipped classroom method through interactive practical methods contributes significantly to the development of skills for home control of mosquitoes of public health importance(AU)

Entomological surveillance of Chagas disease in the East of Minas Gerais region, Brazil

ABSTRACT Background: After decentralizing the actions of the Chagas Disease Control Program (CDCP) in Brazil, municipalities were now responsible for control measures against this endemic, supervised by the Regional Health Superintendencies (RHS). We aimed to evaluate the recent entomological surveillance of Chagas disease in the Regional Health Superintendence of Governador Valadares (RHS/GV) from 2014 to 2019. Methods: Triatomines captured by residents during entomological surveillance were sent to the reference laboratory, where the species and evolutionary stages were identified, place of capture, and presence of Trypanosoma cruzi. A database was created, and the following were calculated: the rate of infection by T. cruzi (overall rate and rate by species), monthly seasonality, spatial distribution of species, number of captures, and infected triatomines/health microregions. Results: We identified 1,708 insects; 1,506 (88.2%) were triatomines, most were adult instars (n=1,469), and few were nymphs (n=37). The identified species were Triatoma vitticeps, Panstrongylus megistus, Panstrongylus diasi, Rhodnius neglectus, and Panstrongylus geniculatus. The first three were most frequently captured and distributed throughout the study area. Most bugs were captured intradomicile (72.5%), mainly in the second semester, between September and November, with an average infection rate of 41.5% (predominantly T. vitticeps, 49.2%). All municipalities sent triatomines, especially in the microregions of Governador Valadares. Conclusions: These data reinforce the need and importance of improving Chagas disease control measures in the region to establish active and participatory entomological surveillance.

Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of Origanum floribundum Munby essential oil endemic plant from Algeria

@#Among strategies for decreasing diseases, the use of larvicidal plant extracts against mosquito larvae gain an important place in vector control. The aim of the present study was to reveal the insecticidal effectiveness of an endemic medicinal plant on Mosquito-Borne Diseases. The chemical composition of the dried aerial part from Origanum floribundum Essential oil, obtained by hydrodistillation, was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) system. The potential larvicidal activity of this extract as bioinsecticide was assessed against Culex pipiens. Results showed many functional groups such as phenols and alcohols, besides, the chemical composition by GC-MS identified thymol (86.9%) and p-Cymene (5.1%) as major components. A significant larvicidal effect against the target mosquito species was noted, with values of LC50 at 21.19 mg/l and LC90 at 68.37 mg/l. The results obtained showed that the essential oil of Origanum floribundum with chemotype thymol possess a potent larvicidal activity and could be considered as an eco-friendly alternative for vector control.